Hello all, I am working with LROC NAC EDR/CDR images and processing them using GDAL (not ISIS). I use LROC QuickMap only as a visual reference to verify the orientation of the images; I understand that the NAC is a pushbroom (line-scan) camera and that the EDR/CDR products are stored in camera space, while QuickMap uses SPICE kernels to generate map-projected images. I observed that some NAC images require only a horizontal flip, while others require a 180° rotation. I would like to understand what determines the correct orientation.More interestingly, I found that even images acquired during the same descending pass (same flight direction) can have different orientations. My questions are: 1.Which metadata or parameters(ie. Orbit number, North Azimuth, season) determine whether a raw NAC image requires a horizontal flip, vertical flip, or 180° rotation? 2.Can this be determined directly from the PDS label/metadata of NAC product without using ISIS? 3.Is there a recommended GDAL-based workflow to automatically orient raw NAC images correctly? Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.